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How does the anti-lock braking system (ABS) in cars work?
2020-08-13
How does the anti-lock braking system work? Most people are familiar with the term anti-lock braking system (ABS), but many know little about how anti-lock brakes work, whether special maintenance is needed, or which parts can be replaced in the anti-lock braking system. Automotive rubber parts tell you that the anti-lock brake is essentially an enhanced or improved version of a regular brake. In short, the anti-lock braking system is designed to prevent the brakes from locking and skidding during difficult braking or when braking on wet or slippery surfaces. By preventing dangerous skidding and allowing the driver to maintain steering control while attempting to stop, it significantly increases safety for everyday driving. So how do we use it? Let's follow along to learn more. First, let's understand how the anti-lock brake works. All anti-lock braking systems control tire skidding by monitoring the relative deceleration rate of the wheels during braking. If one wheel begins to decelerate faster than the others or faster than programmed into the anti-lock control module, it indicates that the wheel is starting to skid and there is a risk of losing traction and locking up. The ABS system responds by momentarily reducing hydraulic braking on one or more affected wheels. Electric solenoids are used to hold, release, and reapply hydraulic pressure to the brakes. This creates a pulsing effect that can usually be felt in the brake pedal during braking. The driver may also hear a humming or vibrating sound from the ABS hydraulic unit. The rapid adjustment of brake pressure in the braking circuit reduces the braking load on the sliding wheel and allows it to regain traction, thus preventing locking. It operates like a brake, except that the ABS system automatically performs this for each brake circuit, and the speed is beyond human capability, reaching several times per second depending on the system (some are faster than others). Once the deceleration rate of the affected wheel returns to consistency with the other wheels, normal braking function and pressure are restored, and the anti-lock device returns to passive mode. Anti-lock Brake Control Module The ABS electronic control module (which can be referred to as EBCM "Electronic Brake Control Module" or EBM "Electronic Brake Module") is a microprocessor that functions similarly to an engine control computer. It uses input from sensors to adjust hydraulic pressure during braking to prevent wheel lockup. The ABS module can be located in the trunk, passenger compartment, or under the hood. It can be a standalone module or integrated with other electronic devices, such as body control or suspension computers. In newer ABS systems, it is mounted on the hydraulic regulator. Key inputs to the ABS control module come from wheel speed sensors and the brake pedal switch. When braking is applied, the switch sends a signal to the control module, switching it from "standby" mode to active mode. When ABS braking is needed, the control module begins to act and commands the hydraulic unit to adjust brake pressure as needed. In systems with a pump, it also powers the pump and relay. Automotive rubber parts also mention that, like any other electronic control module, the ABS module is susceptible to damage from electrical overload, shock, and extreme temperatures. If defective, the module can usually be replaced, except in some of the latest systems where the module is part of the hydraulic modulator assembly. Anti-lock Brake Pump and Accumulator In some ABS systems, a high-pressure electric pump is used to generate power assistance for normal braking as well as to reapply brake pressure during ABS braking. In certain systems, it is only used to reapply pressure during ABS braking. The pump motor is powered by a relay, which is turned on and off by the ABS control module. The fluid pressure generated by the pump is stored in an "accumulator." In ABS systems where the hydraulic regulator is part of the master cylinder assembly, it consists of a pressure storage chamber filled with nitrogen. If the pump fails (a warning light comes on when the backup pressure drops too low), there is usually enough backup pressure in the accumulator for 10 to 20 power-assisted stops. After that, there is no power assistance. The brakes still work but require more effort. In ABS systems with a traditional master cylinder and vacuum booster for power assistance, a small accumulator or a pair of accumulators can be used as temporary holding containers for brake fluid during the hold-release-reapply cycle. This type of accumulator typically uses a spring-loaded diaphragm instead of a nitrogen chamber to store pressure. So how should we operate it? Here are the dos and don'ts. Millions of cars use anti-lock braking systems (ABS), but many drivers still do not know the "right way" to use ABS in an emergency. So here are the "dos and don'ts" of anti-lock braking: Do: Keep your foot on the brake pedal. Maintain steady and continuous pressure on the brake pedal to allow all four wheels of the ABS to work properly. Even if the brake pedal is pulsing, avoid pumping the brakes. If you have a light truck with rear-wheel anti-lock (RWAL) brakes, apply enough force to the brake pedal to stop your truck without locking the front wheels. This way, you can maintain steering control while the rear-wheel anti-lock system prevents the vehicle from skidding. Leave enough distance: When driving in good conditions, stay three seconds or longer behind the vehicle in front. If conditions are hazardous, allow more time. Practice driving with ABS: Get used to the pulsing that occurs in the brake pedal when the anti-lock brakes activate. An empty parking lot or other open areas are great places to practice emergency stops. Don't: Do not drive a vehicle equipped with ABS more aggressively than one without anti-lock brakes. In any vehicle, driving faster through turns, suddenly changing lanes, or performing other aggressive steering maneuvers is risky. With a four-wheel ABS system, pumping the brakes can turn the anti-lock braking system on and off, reducing braking efficiency and increasing stopping distance. ABS automatically provides braking faster than you can manually operate it and can achieve better steering control. More importantly, it can also apply brakes to each wheel as needed - something you cannot do. Automotive rubber parts remind you not to forget to steer. Four-wheel ABS can help you avoid dangerous situations, and when ABS is active, these conditions are normal, letting you know that the anti-lock braking system is functioning properly. However, there should be no ABS feedback during normal braking on dry surfaces. ABS should only engage during panic stops or when the road is wet, icy, slippery, or covered with loose gravel.
How does the anti-lock braking system work?
Most people are familiar with the term anti-lock braking system (ABS), but many know little about how anti-lock brakes work, whether special maintenance is required, or which components can be replaced in the anti-lock braking system.
Automotive rubber parts tell you that anti-lock brakes are essentially an enhanced or improved version of regular brakes. In short, the anti-lock braking system is designed to prevent the brakes from locking and skidding during difficult braking or when braking on wet or slippery surfaces. By preventing dangerous skidding and allowing the driver to maintain steering control while trying to stop, it adds significant safety to everyday driving. So how should we use it? Let's follow along to learn more.
First, let's understand how the anti-lock brakes work.
All anti-lock braking systems control tire skidding by monitoring the relative deceleration rate of the wheels during braking. If one wheel begins to decelerate faster than the others or faster than programmed into the anti-lock control module, it indicates that the wheel is starting to skid and there is a risk of losing traction and locking up. The ABS system responds by momentarily reducing hydraulic braking on one or more affected wheels.
Electric solenoids are used to hold, release, and reapply hydraulic pressure to the brakes. This creates a pulsing effect that can usually be felt in the brake pedal during braking. The driver may also hear a humming or vibrating sound from the ABS hydraulic unit.
The rapid adjustment of brake pressure in the braking circuit reduces the braking load on the sliding wheel and allows it to regain traction, thus preventing locking. It works like a brake, except that the ABS system automatically performs this for each brake circuit, and the speed is beyond human capability, reaching several times per second depending on the system (some are faster than other brakes).
Once the deceleration rate of the affected wheel returns to match that of the other wheels, normal braking function and pressure are restored, and the anti-lock device returns to passive mode.
Anti-lock braking control module
The ABS electronic control module (which can be referred to as EBCM "Electronic Brake Control Module" or EBM "Electronic Brake Module") is a microprocessor that functions similarly to an engine control computer. It uses input from sensors to adjust hydraulic pressure during braking to prevent wheel lockup. The ABS module can be located in the trunk, passenger compartment, or under the hood. It can be a standalone module or integrated with other electronic devices, such as body control or suspension computers. In newer ABS systems, it is mounted on the hydraulic regulator.
Key inputs to the ABS control module come from wheel speed sensors and the brake pedal switch. When braking is applied, the switch sends a signal to the control module, which changes it from "standby" mode to active mode.
When ABS braking is needed, the control module begins to act and commands the hydraulic unit to adjust brake pressure as needed. In systems with a pump, it also powers the pump and relay.
Automotive rubber parts also mention that like any other electronic control module, the ABS module is susceptible to damage from electrical overload, shock, and extreme temperatures. If defective, the module can usually be replaced, except in some of the latest systems where the module is part of the hydraulic modulator assembly.
Anti-lock brake pump and accumulator
In some ABS systems, a high-pressure electric pump is used to provide power assistance for normal braking as well as to reapply brake pressure during ABS braking. In certain systems, it is only used to reapply pressure during ABS braking.
The pump motor is powered by a relay, which is turned on and off by the ABS control module. The fluid pressure generated by the pump is stored in an "accumulator." The accumulator in the ABS system, where the hydraulic regulator is part of the master cylinder assembly, consists of a pressure storage chamber filled with nitrogen.
If the pump fails (a warning light comes on when the backup pressure drops too low), there is usually enough backup pressure in the accumulator for 10 to 20 power-assisted stops. After that, there is no power assistance. The brakes still work but require more effort.
In ABS systems with a traditional master cylinder and vacuum booster for power assistance, a small accumulator or a pair of accumulators can be used as temporary holding containers for brake fluid during the hold-release-reapply cycle. This type of accumulator typically uses a spring-loaded diaphragm instead of a nitrogen-filled chamber to store pressure.
So how should we operate it? Here are the dos and don'ts.
Millions of cars use anti-lock braking systems (ABS), but many drivers still do not know the "correct way" to use ABS in an emergency. So here are the "dos and don'ts" of anti-lock braking:
Do: Keep your foot on the brake pedal. Maintain steady and continuous pressure on the brake pedal to allow all-wheel ABS to function properly. Even if the brake pedal is pulsing, avoid pressing down on the brake. If you have a light truck with rear-wheel anti-lock (RWAL) brakes, apply enough force to the brake pedal to stop your truck without locking the front wheels. This way, you can maintain steering control while the rear-wheel anti-lock system prevents the vehicle from skidding.
Leave enough distance: When driving under good conditions, stay three seconds or longer behind the vehicle in front. If conditions are hazardous, allow more time.
Practice driving with ABS: Get used to the pulsing that occurs in the brake pedal when the anti-lock brakes activate. An empty parking lot or other open areas are great places to practice emergency stops.
Don't:
Do not drive a vehicle equipped with ABS more aggressively than one without anti-lock brakes. In any vehicle, driving faster through turns, suddenly changing lanes, or performing other aggressive steering maneuvers is risky.
With a four-wheel ABS system, pumping the brakes can turn the anti-lock braking system on and off, reducing braking efficiency and increasing stopping distance. ABS automatically provides braking faster than you can manually operate it and can achieve better steering control. More importantly, it can also brake at each wheel as needed - something you cannot do.
Automotive rubber parts remind you not to forget to steer. Four-wheel ABS can help you avoid dangerous situations, and when ABS is active, it is normal to feel conditions that let you know the anti-lock braking system is functioning properly. However, there should be no ABS feedback during normal braking on dry surfaces. ABS should only engage during panic stops or when the road is wet, icy, slippery, or covered with loose gravel.
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